Consumer Culture Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Accordingly, how can it be known or certified or judged that one individual’s tastes have become refined while, the tastes that are held by people such as the author’s neighbor need to be enhanced to fit the viewer’s perception of what is cultivated and refined. Intriguingly, the two possible answers to this question are applicable in the interpretation of the website’s content which document’s the author’s views and thoughts on his ‘redneck’ neighbor. As stated previously, in studies of consumer culture and the effect of social class in the shaping of consumer culture it is important to understand whether perceptions are definite or variable – can the author’s neighbor be termed as a ‘redneck’ indefinitely or is he in fact a supposedly ‘normal’ human being for some? Yes, there is unambiguous discrepancy in the comprehension of whether the neighbor’s behavior can be deemed as appropriate or not. For Goffman, the possible reason for the existence of this observation is that since the rights of a particular social class in society are defined by a number of factors including public opinion, which the author demonstrates through his website, this general opinion o f the masses allows the author to view his neighbor as someone whose tastes have not been cultivated or refined as yet (294). We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Culture or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Therefore, the author’s perception of his neighbor in this case can be defined as the product of what society believes is the conception of the leisure class and what it should and should not do. Since, JD8 meets the supposed requirements that are needed to be met to qualify as a member of the leisure class such as his very own business, a number of nice cars and the ownership of a house in what has been described as an affluent neighborhood in the city, the opinion of the author regarding members of JD8’s stature does not allow him to think that his actions are reasonable or appropriate for an individual of his status. On the other hand, Fussell’s conception of the term class does not restrict it to a collection of terms, for he claims that â€Å"nobody knows for sure what the word class means†. This belief presents a stark contrast to Goffman’s interpretation of status, role and class which the scholar believes to be terms that can be explained or defined through a number of factors. However, regardless of which observation is applied to the case of the author and JD8, the notion that can be established sheds light on the vast array of perceptions that ultimately comprise of consumer culture, such that it allows individuals to assess another’s social status or beliefs on the basis of what they consume.

Organizational Behavior An Organization - 1521 Words

Organizational Behavior (OB) entails the study and usage of knowledge about how individuals, people, as well as groups function in organizations (Luthans Yousseff, 2007). Using a systematic approach, organizational behavior interprets people/organization relations in terms of the groups, individuals, entire organization, and social system. The main objective of organizational behavior is to help find or develop better relationships by attaining human objectives, social objectives and ultimately organizational objectives. Leadership is the capability of the company s management to make sound deliberations and inspire other employees to perform well (Luthans, 2002). In the context of organizational behavior, leadership entails directing the behavior of company employees towards attaining a shared goal. Leadership is very critical in an organization as it results in higher performance by the employees, enhances motivation as well as morale within the team members, and assists in responding to change (Luthans Yousseff, 2007). From a personal perspective, leadership is the element that facilitates the success of an organization by creating accountability and responsibility amongst all of the employees in a business. In short, leadership enhances value in an organization. Globalization brings about new opportunities but they come with many diversity challenges (Luthans Yousseff, 2007). Organizational leaders face the challenge of overcoming diversity issues such asShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1596 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Analysis Organizational behavior is vastly unique for each organization. Positive or negative behavior has far reaching effects on the internal and external environments. What elements helps develop the behavior of an organization? Organizational behavior is the main ingredient of all organizations, and can be the building block that rejoices successful, or screams failure. Elements such as the type of culture, form of communication, disposition of authority, motivationalRead MoreOrganization Behavior And Organizational Behavior1707 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization behavior including both individual and group, which take an important role on company’s performance, a good manager with high ability to manage the employees’ satisfaction and involvement could achieve a higher performance of the company. In recent years, most of companies used balanced scorecards to determine the companies’ goals to improve the performance, which including employee coaching and mentoring. I n this report, we will conduct the performance of a company with the interactionRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1054 Words   |  5 Pagestask of organizational structure is to encourage people to work hard and coordinate their effort to ensure a high level of organizational performance. To this effect the four key concepts that assistance in achieving the needed performance include understanding the meaning of organizational behavior; individual differences; values, attitudes, and moods and emotions; perception and attribution, and the management of diversity. Organizational Behavior (OB) Defining organizational behavior to be aRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And The Organization1038 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant to understand what behavior and culture in an organization means in order to have a better understanding of the whole scenario. From this perspective, then a manager can better know how to incorporate what he or she knows and what the organization at large is comprised of. According to Borkowski, (2011), the definition provided states that â€Å"organizational behavior is the study of individuals and group’s dynamics within an organization setting† (p.3). Organizational culture on the other handRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organization Behavior2132 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction What is Organizational behavior? Prior to this course, I never known that much of what is organizational behavior an in which ways it can impact the organization. Over the course my knowledge about Organization Behavior has expanded. Organization behavior is the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within the organizations where they work. 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The success of an organization depends on its organization behavior which is the study of people, what people feel, think, and do in a company. (Elsbach, Kayes Kayes, 2015). Organizational Behavior is important to help organizations become more successful and efficient in running the company and adapting to changesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1754 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Behavior Scenario Applications It takes a team to run a successful organization. Managers all around are focusing on improving employee morale in the workplace because without dedicated and motivated employees, companies could not be successful. Managers that are running prosperous companies have the knowledge of Organizational Behavior. Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organizations. Organizational Behavior influences employees motivationRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior Analysis2021 Words   |  9 Pages Organizational Behavior Analysis BUS610: Organizational Behavior (NAB1431A) Instructor: Dr. Roberto Coto Angela Montgomery September 8, 2014 Organizational Behavior Analysis Abstract Organization behavior analysis is the study of information regarding an organization and its individual or group of people with their actions and performances within an organization. It is most important key feature which should be used to maintain and enhance interaction levels between

Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma Free Essays

string(100) " they had noticed either epiphora or photophobia and only 32% said their infant had these symptoms\." Introduction The incidence of glaucoma in the young population is incomparable to the incidence in the adult population, as it is very rare in infants, nevertheless it can significantly affect a child’s life, as vision is vital for a young child. Signs and symptoms of infantile glaucoma can commonly be overlooked and this can cause a delay to the treatment process. The underlying causes of infantile glaucoma have been agreed upon by most authors, however the exact mechanism by which the structures in the young eye are affected are debatable. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma or any similar topic only for you Order Now As well as primary infantile glaucoma, young children can also be affected by secondary infantile glaucoma, which again can significantly impact a young child’s life. This paper looks at the classifications, epidemiology, signs, symptoms, aetiology and pathogenesis of primary infantile glaucoma, as well as touching upon the causes of secondary infantile glaucoma. ‘Glaucoma is an Optic neuropathy with characteristic appearances of the optic disc and specific pattern of visual field defects that is associated frequently but not variably with raised intra-ocular pressure (IOP)’ (Kanski, 2003). The ciliary processes of the eye produce aqueous humor; this is then drained by the trabecular meshwork; Figure 1. A balance of this production and drainage maintains a normal IOP. The aqueous humor produced flows into the posterior chamber, then through the pupil and into the anterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork drains the aqueous humor through Schlemm’s canal. Open angle glaucoma occurs when there is a decrease in the outflow of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork, and angle closure glaucoma occurs when the iris adheres to the lens leading to a build-up of aqueous humor in the posterior chamber (Kanski, 2003). In addition to open and closed angle glaucoma there are other types of glaucoma which are classified in Figure 2. There are several classifications of congenital and infantile glaucomas, the most accepted and simplified version is presented in figure 3. Primary infantile glaucoma is defined as ‘the result of isolated abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle structures’ (Myron Yanoff, 2009) Secondary infantile glaucomas are ‘associated with a variety of ocular and systemic syndromes and with surgical aphakia’ (Myron Yanoff, 2009). Primary congenital glaucoma is present at birth however it is not always recognised at this stage and sometimes it is diagnosed later during infancy or in early childhood. To minimise problematic visual development, recognition of primary congenital glaucoma must be as early as possible followed by respective treatment or therapy, allowing the child to lead a ‘normal’ life (A.Armstrong, 2008). Glaucoma in infants and young children is relatively rare and in some cases asymptomatic (Kanski, 2003). And so, if an increase in IOP is not detected at an early stage then there is a greater risk of blindness (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Some cases of glaucoma in infants are only recognised and diagnosed after several months or years at which stage sometimes significant glaucomatous damage has already occurred (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Most cases will present bilaterally nevertheless this does not rule out the fact that it can sometimes present unilaterally (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Epidemiology of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Primary infantile glaucoma is extremely rare and occurs in one out of 10,000 births (MillerSJ, 1966). It accounts for 0.01% to 0.04% of cases of total blindness (A.Armstrong, 2008) (Vincent P Deluise, 1983) In the Irish childhood population primary open angle glaucoma is the cause of blindness for 4% of the population. (Morin JD, 1974) The majority of cases in the US and Europe present with bilateral primary infantile glaucoma; 65%-80% (Moller, 1977). It is also well-known that it occurs greater in males compared to females with a ratio of 3:2 respectively (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). This is proven by a study with 125 infants from Westerlund, 76 of whom were male i.e. nearly 61% were males (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). On the other hand in Japan, this is no longer true and the ratio is actually reversed (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). In another study based in Japan out of 46 children with primary infantile glaucoma 63% were actually female (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). In the majority of cases the development of primary infantile glaucoma is found to sporadic, and so it is non-familial and nonhereditary, but approximately 10% of cases are familial, transmitted to the child via autosomal recessive inheritance (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Signs, Symptoms and Consequences of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Children are commonly referred to the Ophthalmologist due to clinical evidence of corneal oedema. Primary infantile glaucoma is commonly misdiagnosed, hence causing a delay in the correct diagnosis, as it may initially show symptoms similar to conjunctivitis such as a ‘red eye’ (Becker B, 1965). There will also be evidence of the classic triage; epiphora, blepharospasm and photophobia. (Becker B, 1965). Further examination will reveal megalocornea (enlarged corneal diameter), buphthalmos (enlarged globe), Haab’s striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane) and optic nerve head changes (Becker B, 1965). Buphthalmos; figure 4, or ocular enlargement, occurs in primary infantile glaucoma because the globe of neonates is still distensible (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Collagen of the cornea and scleral have not hardened enough, so expansion of the fibrils occurs due to an increase in IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). This therefore causes stretching to occur in several structures of the infant eye; such as the cornea, the anterior chamber angle, the sclera, the optic nerve, scleral canal and the lamina cribrosa (Becker B, 1965). This explains why ocular enlargement due to glaucoma does not occur in adults, as the globe is no longer distensible and collagen fibres of the cornea are sclera are hardened hence expansion doesn’t occur in adults. It is agreed that delayed therapy of infants with glaucoma, will result in a poor visual outcome for the infant, which could have been prevented or at least minimised. To understand why some infants had more advanced glaucoma than others; a study with 24 infants and children was conducted (David J. Seidman MD1, 3 March 1986). Their signs and symptoms were noted. The parents of the infant were asked to indicate whether they had noticed either epiphora or photophobia and only 32% said their infant had these symptoms. You read "Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma" in category "Essay examples" A small 21% of infants presented with only signs of glaucoma, noticed by the parents but no symptoms. And finally the majority of infants, 90%, actually did have signs when presenting to the physician. It has been noted that signs of infantile glaucoma are more difficult to notice when it is bilateral, as in all 3 cases where the physicians failed several times to refer the infant to an ophthalmologist the glaucoma was in fact bilateral (David J. Seidman MD1, 3 March 1986). A normal value for the corneal diameter of a neonate is approximately 10mm, an increase to 12mm or greater, along with expansion of the corneal-scleral junction, is usually due to increased IOP (Kwitko, 1973). Enlargement of the cornea due to an increase in IOP is most likely to occur up to the age of three (Scheie, 1955) after which the sclera may become deformed up to age ten (Mann, 1957). Breaks occur in the endothelium and Descemet’s membrane due to the increase in IOP which also causes stretching in these layers (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). ‘Haab’s striae form as endothelial cells lay down new basements membrane (Descemet’s membrane) and hyaline ridges develop. Breaks in Descemet’s membrane from increased IOP rarely occur after age three’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Increased IOP also causes slow expansion of the sclera of the neonate. A ‘bluish’ scleral appearance is seen due to thinning of the sclera, causing the choroid to be more apparent (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). As the neonate becomes older and growth occurs the expansion of the sclera no longer occurs due to a build-up of extracellular connective tissue (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Even if the IOP decreases back to a value within normal the globe does not usually return to normal size (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Studies have shown that myopia and astigmatism are the consequence of an increase in the axial length of the globe, figure 5 (Robin AL, 1979). Robin et al also found that ‘In contrast to adult eyes, the scleral canal in children apparently enlarges with high IOP. Thus, disk cup size increase in children could occur from neural tissue loss, from scleral canal enlargement, or from a combination of the two processes’ (Robin AL, 1979). ‘Myopic astigmatism and anisometropia are particularly common in cases of unilateral or asymmetric primary infantile glaucoma’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). A study carried out by Broughton and Parks found that all of their patients with unilateral primary infantile glaucoma had anisometropia; on the affected side an average difference of 4.93D of myopia was found (Broughton WL, 1981 May). Optic nerve changes which occur in adults with glaucoma are very different to the optic nerve changes which occur in children with glaucoma. At first Becker Shaffer initially thought that cupping in primary infantile glaucoma was a process which was gradual however it was soon discovered that optic nerve changes in primary infantile glaucoma could also occur early and rapidly (Becker B, 1965). In adults with optic nerve changes which occur due to an increase in IOP the change is very unlikely to be reversible, however in infants optic nerve cupping which occurs due to an increase in IOP can be reversed once the IOP is returned back to normal (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). The most accepted and most reasonable hypothesis which aims to explain why cupping is reversible in neonates is based on the fact that the connective tissue of the lamina cribrosa is not matured (Quigley, 1977 Sep). However there are cases when even though the pressure has decreased back to normal the Optic nerve head damage does not reverse, this is due to one of two reasons. Firstly it is possible that some of the stretching is permanent ‘with remoulding of the connective tissue’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Secondly it could be due to ‘a loss of glial and axons’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). ‘Adult optic nerve heads with their dense connective tissue investments are more resistant to remoulding, indicating that cupping is caused by permanent loss of glia and axons’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Pathology, Pathogeneses and Causes of Primary Infantile Glaucoma The explanation for the increase in IOP in primary infantile glaucoma has been described using Barkan’s membrane theory. This theory is based on the fact that the anterior chamber angle is covered by a thin and imperforate membrane, which inhibits aqueous outflow, which in turn leads to raised IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). According to the theory, this raised IOP is treated by goniotomy when the surface tissue of this membrane is detached, and so â€Å"the peripheral iris falls posteriorly,† subsequently there is aqueous outflow and a decrease in IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Worst also agreed with the Barkan membrane theory, â€Å"†¦in congenital glaucoma the chamber angle is filled with a band of persistent mesodermal tissue (persistent uveal meshwork or persistent pectinate ligament). This tissue completely covers the fetal corneoscleral system, but is not the cause of the obstruction to aqueous outflow in its own right. It is the presence of an imperforate surface layer on this persistent mesodermal tissue, which is the only cause of obstructed outflow. This surface membrane, Barkan’s membrane, is probably an endothelial surface, which normally breaks apart, but which persists in congenital glaucoma† (Worst, April 1968). There is no well supported histopathologic evidence to support Barkan’s membrane theory, despite this Worst still believes that the theory along with its concepts are valid, he says â€Å"though histopathologic proof of this structure is almost completely lacking†¦this has little influence on the probab ility that this concept is valid† (Worst, April 1968). So if Barkan’s membrane theory has insufficient evidence to explain the cause of an increase in IOP in congenital glaucoma, then what is the alternativeThere is some histopathologic evidence which aims to explain in detail the anterior chamber angle and its histopathology in infants with primary infantile glaucoma see Figure 6 (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Anderson thoroughly researched the development of the trabecular meshwork in infantile glaucoma. He said that earlier thoughts were that â€Å"the anterior chamber recess deepens by atrophy of the rarified tissue that in the earlier stage separated the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body.† He then confirmed that later thoughts highlighted the function of cleavage into the loose tissue, as there was no proof of atrophy (D.R.Anderson, 1981). These views may have seemed correct at the time however, evidence has proven that cleavage or atrophy are not the only explanations of the process of development. Both cleavage and atrophy would cause the uveal tract to become fragmented from the shell of the cornea and sclera as well as the tissue of the trabeculae (Fig 7A) (D.R.Anderson, 1981). This would result in extension of the ciliary muscle to the peripheral iris and on the posterior surface of the peripheral iris would be the ciliary processes (D.R.Anderson, 1981). However this does not actually occur, in fact the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes continue to adhere to the envelope of the cornea and sclera although compared to their earlier position they do become depressed (Fig 7B) (D.R.Anderson, 1981). Anderson found that there is an overlay of the ciliary muscle in particular the ciliary processes over the trabecular meshwork; however they are subsequently depressed behind the scleral spur (D.R.Anderson, 1981). He found that â€Å"This repositioning can be explained only by a posterior sliding of the uveal tissues in relation to the cornea and sclera, presumably due to a differential growth rate of the various tissue elements† (D.R.Anderson, 1981). He concluded that this course of repositioning was not simply due to the â€Å"†¦sliding of the uveal tract along the inner side of the sclera. There is also a repositioning of the various layers within the uveal tract in relation to one another: initially the innermost muscle fibers have a position relatively more anterior than the outermost fibers† (D.R.Anderson, 1981) Anderson also found that compared to the ciliary muscle the ciliary processes are at first a lot more frontward, as time passes both become level behind the scleral spur and meshwork (D.R.Anderson, 1981). So, far it has been established that primary infantile glaucoma occurs because the anterior chamber does not develop normally. At what stage of development do these changes or lack of changes occurIt has been noted that at week twelve of development â€Å"a wedge shaped mass of mesenchyme can be identified at the anterior chamber angle i.e. at the junction of the papillary membrane and the lateral margins of the cornea. Within this wedge shaped portion of the tissue there is a row of small capillaries, which are lined with mesoderm-derived vascular endothelial cells† (A.Armstrong, 2008). At the beginning of the fifth month â€Å"early trabeculae are apparent separated by intervening spaces† (A.Armstrong, 2008) subsequently the capillaries fuse to form the canal of Schlemm, this is continuous with the collector channels as well as the scleral vessels (A.Armstrong, 2008). â€Å"The meshwork becomes specialised into inner uveal trabeculae, numerous intermediate layers of lamellar corneoscleral trabeculae, and a more loosely organised cribriform meshwork† (A.Armstrong, 2008). The inner surface of the meshwork is lined with cuboidal cells, perforations of these cells occur onwards from 15 weeks (A.Armstrong, 2008). Communication between the meshwork and the anterior chamber occur via these cuboidal cells (A.Armstrong, 2008). Between the sixth and ninth month development of the anterior chamber occurs (A.Armstrong, 2008). It presents â€Å"as a chink in the mesoderm between the iris root and the developing trabeculum. If the mesoderm does not entirely regres s in this region, an impervious layer may remain bridging the angle between the iris and the cornea and which impedes access of aqueous to the trabecular meshwork† (A.Armstrong, 2008). Figure 8: Comparision of optic cup asymmetry in normal infants with unilateral glaucoma infants. Taken from (Richardson, April 1968) Optic Cup Asymmetry in Primary Infantile Glaucoma It has been established that chronic open angle glaucoma is found to be bilateral and symmetrical to a certain extent, however some meticulous studies may find that there is somewhat of asymmetry in the cupping of the optic discs (Richardson, April 1968). Nevertheless the asymmetry of the discs can be used to diagnose early signs of glaucoma (Richardson, April 1968). Although optic disc cupping is assessed in infantile glaucoma it is not used as prominently compared to chronic open angle glaucoma (Richardson, April 1968). One of the reasons for this is due to the obvious fact that it is not as easy to conduct ophthalmoscopy in infants especially with added factors such as hazy corneas, miotic pupils (Richardson KT, 1966). It is also a common misconception that cupping in the optic nerve occurs at a very late stage and so it is no longer relevant to aid diagnosis (Richardson, April 1968). The opposite is actually true, as changes to the optic disc in infantile glaucoma occur relatively early on, hence valuable factor to aid prognosis (Shaffer.RN, 1967). To emphasise the importance of asymmetry of optic discs in infantile glaucoma compared to chronic glaucoma, the following study was conducted by Kenneth Richardson. Normal newborn infants, 96 hours old or less, were randomly chosen and their optic discs were assessed. Out of 468 it was found that only 11 infants had optic cup asymmetry, 2.3%; figure 8 (Richardson, April 1968). Similarly Snydacker found that out a random 500 adults only 15 had any sign of asymmetry, 3% (SyndackerD, 1964). Going back to the infants it was found that only 3 out of the 11 actually had marked asymmetry between their optic cups i.e. only 0.6%; figure 8 (Richardson, April 1968). A very different but much predicted result was found when Shaffer conducted a slightly different study (Shaffer.RN, 1967). 27 infants with unilateral glaucoma were assessed and it was found that 89% or 24 out of 27 had marked asymmetry; figure 8 (Shaffer.RN, 1967). In other infantile glaucoma studies Schaffer also found that 61% (52/85) patients had optic cups with a disc diameter greater than 1/3 in comparison to 2.6%(26/936) normal newborns who had optic cups with a disc diameter greater than 1/3 (Shaffer.RN, 1967). The above data provides vital evidence supporting the views that optic disc assessment in newborn infants is extremely important and any asymmetry in optic cupping is very significant as ‘normal’ infants are expected and likely to have symmetrical optic cups. Hence any asymmetry of cupping could be indicative of congenital glaucoma. Also it can be said that optic cupping assessment is of more importance in congenital glaucomas â€Å"since these cases are prone to follow a more asymmetrical course than adult glaucomas† (Richardson, April 1968). In order chronic glaucoma in order to be able to determine whether cupping is physiological or pathological the disc appearance must be tracked over many years. Whereas in newborns the cupping is expected to be symmetrical at birth therefore any asymmetry should be and can be picked up at birth (Richardson, April 1968). Secondary infantile glaucoma There are several causes of secondary infantile glaucoma, the most important is ocular trauma and this is due to the fact that ocular trauma is common in young infants. Blunt trauma to the eye causes compression of the globe which in turn leads to a temporary increase in IOP. When a blunt object hits the eye its cause indentation of the cornea, this then forces the aqueous humor â€Å"laterally against the anterior chambers angle structures and backwards against the iris and lens† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Thereafter â€Å"in the anterior segment the iris sphincter ruptures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) the ciliary body could become separated from the scleral spur or it may just be split or torn (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Likewise the trabecular meshwork may become ruptured, consequently leading to glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Traumatic iritis is another cause of secondary glaucoma. Blunt ocular trauma can cause inflammatory cells and increase in proteins in the aqueous humor, in the early stages. These cells along with the protein molecules then cause obstruction of the trabecular meshwork. (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) Oedema of the trabecular meshwork will also lead to resistance in the outflow of the aqueous. Even though there is an increase in the resistance of outflow, the IOP will remain within a normal range and in some cases it may actually be lower than normal because the blow will have caused depression of the ciliary body along with hyposecretion (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Anterior chamber haemorrhage (hyphema) occurs due to trauma or injury to the eye. Small haemorrhages are unlikely to clot, however large haemorrhages may fill the anterior chamber and cause compression of the meshwork which in turn leads to an acute increase in IOP (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Another cause of secondary glaucoma is recession of the anterior chamber angle. â€Å"A significant percentage of traumatic hyphemas results from a longitudinal cleavage of the ciliary body† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). A chain of damage reactions which occur to the trabecular meshwork following this will decrease the outflow and lead to glaucoma. Contusion cataract can be caused by blunt trauma. â€Å"If the cataract intumesces, a phacogenic pupillary block glaucoma may result. If the cataract becomes hypermature the lens cortex which is liquefied may leak into the anterior chamber†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) a macrophage response occurs and these cells then cause an increase in IOP as they block access of the aqueous to the trabecular meshwork. (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) This is known as phacolytic glaucoma. Dislocation of the lens most likely occurs due to trauma, and if the lens after dislocation ends up in the anterior chamber then pupillary block glaucoma is l ikely (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Secondary glaucoma is usually the result of a laceration to the globe. A blunt blow, by a child’s fist, is often very serious as the smaller size of the fist does not allow the orbit to provide protection and the blow lands straight on the eye (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Intra-ocular foreign bodies can also cause glaucoma; particles which contain iron will oxidise and can be toxic to structures within the eye such as the trabecular meshwork (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Severe iritis can lead to glaucoma, and transient or chronic glaucoma can result from inflammation of the trabecular meshwork with increased resistance to outflow (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Inflammation of the cornea can also cause secondary glaucoma, due to further inflammation of the meshwork leading to obstruction of the aqueous outflow (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). It is well-known that glaucoma can be induced by steroids. An increase in IOP can be induced by prolonged use of topical steroids, in susceptible individuals. Ocular tumours uncommon in children, however if one is present it can sometimes lead to secondary glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Retinoblastoma, a well-known and common tumour found in the young can also cause glaucoma. The tumour will invade the anterior chamber angle structures; iris and trabecular meshwork. There is a very strong link between prenatal rubella infection and glaucoma and it is now well agreed upon that prenatal rubella can in fact cause glaucoma. It is estimated that rubella infantile glaucoma occurs in 2-4% of children with congenital rubella syndrome (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). It usually presents in the first six months of life and the symptoms are identical to those of primary congenital glaucoma; an enlarged oedematous cornea which is cloudy, a deep anterior chamber and the classic high IOP (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Clinically it is found to be almost impossible to distinguish rubella infantile glaucoma from primary congenital glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). In conclusion, it has been determined that although rare conditions both primary and secondary infantile glaucoma can significantly affect the life of a child. Hence examination of the optic discs at birth is vital to ensure that any asymmetry of optic cups is detected and the possibility of the newborn developing glaucoma is known immediately, as it has been proven that infants with glaucoma are significantly more likely to show asymmetry of optic cupping compared to ‘normal’ infants. If the glaucoma is not detected at birth it is vital that healthcare professionals are able to recognise the signs and symptoms of infantile glaucoma so it can be treated before any significant damage has occurred, as it has been proven that the majority of children present with all or some of the signs and symptoms of glaucoma yet they are either overlooked by the parents or misdiagnosed by clinicians. In relation to the pathogenesis of infantile glaucoma significant evidence or lack of has proven that Worst along with Barkan’s Membrane theory are no longer valid. Vital histopathologic evidence undermines the theory; in fact Anderson has provided substantial evidence to prove that repositioning, sliding, cleavage and atrophy play a significant role in the development of primary infantile glaucoma. Along with the histopathologic evidence it can be concluded that Anderson’s findings can be accepted. References A. Edward Maumenee, M. (1962). Further observations on the pathogenesis of congenital glaucoma. TR. AM. OPHTH J. SOC, VOl. 60, 140-162. A.Armstrong, R. (2008, December 12th). Congenital Glaucoma; The genetics of primary congenital glaucoma. Optometry Today, pp. 40-43. Becker B, S. R. (1965). Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas. St Louis: CV Mosby. Broughton WL, P. M. (1981 May). An analysis of treatment of congenital glaucoma by goniotomy. Am J Ophthalmol. , 91(5):566-72. Ching Lin Ho, F. a. (September/October 2004). Primary Congenital Glaucoma: 2004 Update. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus , Vol. 41:271-288. D.R.Anderson. (1981). The development of the trabecular meshwork and its abnormality in primary infantile glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 79:458-85. David J. Seidman MD1, L. B. (3 March 1986). Signs and Symptoms in the Presentation of Primary Infantile Glaucoma. PEDIATRICS , Vol. 77 No. pp. 399-404. Harley, R. D. (1983). Pediatric Ophthalmology. Saunders. John S Crawford, J. D. (1983). The Eye in Childhood. New York: Grune and Stratton. Kanski, J. J. (2003). Clinical Ophthalmology A Systematic Approach. Butterworth Heinemann. Kwitko, M. (1973). Glaucoma in Infants and Children (ed 2). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Mann, I. (1957). Developmental Abnormalities of the Eye. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. MillerSJ. (1966). Genetic aspects of glaucoma. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K., 86:425-34. Moller, P. (1977). Goniotomy and congenital glaucoma. Acta Ophthal, pp. 55: 436-442. Morin JD, M. S. (1974). Primary congenital glaucoma: a survey. Can J Ophthal, pp. 9:17-28. Myron Yanoff, J. S. (2009). Ophthalmology. Mosby Elsevier. NEI. (1968-date). Glaucoma. Retrieved February 2011, from National Eye Institue: http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/glaucoma/glaucoma_facts.asp Quigley, H. (1977 Sep). The pathogenesis of reversible cupping in congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol., 84(3):358-70. Richardson KT, S. R. (1966). Optic nerve cupping in congenital glaucoma. Am J. Ophth., 62: 507. Richardson, K. T. (April 1968). Optic Cup symmetry in normal newborn infants. Investigative Ophthalmology, 137-140. Robert N. Shaffer, D. I. (1970). Congenital and Pediatric Glaucomas. USA: The C. V. Mosby Company. Robin AL, Q. H. (1979). An analysis of visual acuity, visual fields, and disk cupping in childhood glaucoma. Am J Ophthal , 88(5):847-58. Scheie, H. (1955). Symposiumon congenital glaucoma: Diagnosis, clinical course and treatment other than goniotomy (ed 2). Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 59, pp. 309–321. Shaffer.RN. (1967). New concepts in infantile glaucoma. Canad J. Ophth, 2: 243. SyndackerD. (1964). The normal optic disc. Ophthalmoscopic and photographic studies. Arch Ophthal, 58:958. Vincent P Deluise, D. R. (1983). Primary Infantile Glaucoma (Congenital Glaucoma). 28(1). Worst, J. G. (April 1968). Congenital glaucoma Remarks on the aspect of chamber angle: Ontogenic and pathogenic background and mode action of goniotomy. Investigative Ophthalmology, 7:127-134. How to cite Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma, Essay examples

Business Organizations Products or Services †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Business Organizations Products or Services. Answer: Introduction: The Hilton Hotel Park Lane London is going to organize a cultural event on Christmas and planning the activities for attracting the more visitors to take active participation. The dimensions of this cultural event will involve physical cultural manifestation such as infrastructure, art exhibition, music and performance art. The event management team will focus on social and cultural values of UK society to maintain the quality environment that helps to attract the more visitors (Van Niekerk, 2017). For example, the story, language and props will be based on the local values and include local language. The event tries to offer socio-cultural phenomena and allow the tourist and visitors to share their interest. Moreover, the event also contributes to the social and cultural life of host community to enhance the sense of place and encourage the pride of the community (Mallen Adams, 2017). The major attractions of this cultural event will be performances of professional artists and community games. The prizes will also offer to the winner, which will be the supersize for the visitors for celebrating Christmas. In addition to this, the hotel will offer food and beverages to guests (Ouyang et al., 2017). Analysis and categorization of event The event is based on the cultural theme of celebrating the Christmas as well as providing an enriching experience to tourists and visitors of Hilton hotel. The event management team will analyse and maintain the activities and environment according to modern culture celebration as well as include the traditional form of approach to maintain the dignity. This form of the event will support to attract a large number of tourists, as Hilton is an established brand (Park Park, 2017). The management will try to provide high-quality services and products that will help to engage the visitors.The location of the event is London Hilton Park Lane. The top management of Hilton hotel has developed a plan for celebrating the Christmas event. The address of the hotel is 22, Park Lane, Mayfair, London, W1K 1BE, UK. The visitors can book products and services through online sources (Barron Ali-Knight, 2017). The price of single, couple and family entry will be offered through the website of Hilto n Park Lane. The size of cultural event area will be 5000 sq/ft. The event management team will manage the party, food and beverages, cultural performance and private areas for the event according to numbers of participants (Chalip, 2017). This kind of approach and planning of location and size will support to manage the event successfully. Budget consideration The budget for the cultural event of Christmas celebration is proposed around 9-11 million that involve the development of location, decoration, facilities, food and beverages, party and performance areas as well the fees of professional performers (Dash Samantaray, 2018). The management of Hilton hotel offer fund for managing the operations and functions as per the planning of the event team. The event manager will distribute funds to respective teams for implementing the plan and maintain the required resources (Todd, et al., 2017). The budget will also concern about the security of tourist and visitors. Following is estimated distribution of budget for the cultural event: Table 1: Budget Particulars Cost () Development of infrastructure 1 million Decoration 1.5 million Facilities 2.75 million Food and beverages 2 million Fees of professionals 3 million Security 1.25 million Props and resources .50 million Numbers of participants The numbers of participants for the cultural event are fixed as Hilton hotel management has developed a plan to book products and services for 400 people. The event management team has identified the numbers of participles according to location, space for the event and maintaining the high standards to increase the brand value of hospitality organization (Christensen et al., 2017). The numbers of event team, professional performers and security staff were not included in numbers of participants. Event stakeholders and involvement To manage and organize the event successfully, the consideration of stakeholder is important for Hilton hotel event team. For managing the stakeholder, the team will apply stakeholder theory that will help to maintain the freedom, unity, and solidarity, social and economic connection for the all interested groups. By using this theory, the management will focus on the needs of stakeholders and offer the support and resources accordingly (Veal, 2017). Following are the key stakeholders of the event: Staff members: They are an important international stakeholder for a cultural event that will manage the tasks and operations related to design and implement the planning. The management will involve them by offering extra funds (Jones et al., 2018). Suppliers: For the event, the Hilton hotel will require the support of suppliers to decorate, maintain the facility of food and beverages according to the proposed menu. To engage the management will offer payment. Customer: Hilton hotel will engage them by offering the quality services and products. Owner: The owner of Hilton will provide directions and guideline for managing standards approach for managing event (Olson Brown, 2018). Reference List Barron, P. and Ali-Knight, J., 2017. Aspirations and progression of event management graduates: A study of career development.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,30, pp.29-38. Chalip, L., 2017. Event bidding, legacy, and leverage. InThe Sage Handbook of Sport Management(pp. 401-421). London: Sage. Christensen, B.T., Ball, L.J. and Halskov, K., 2017.Analysing Design Thinking: Studies of Cross-cultural Co-creation. CRC Press. Dash, P.C. and Samantaray, M.N., 2018. Exploring determinants of a successful tourism experiencethe Nabakalebara event.International Journal of Event and Festival Management, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Jones, T., Harrison, J. and Felps, W., 2018. How Applying Instrumental Stakeholder Theory Can Provide Sustainable Competitive Advantage.Academy of Management Review, pp.amr-2016. Mallen, C. and Adams, L.J. eds., 2017.Event Management in Sport, Recreation and Tourism: Theoretical and Practical Dimensions. Taylor Francis. Olson, E.D. and Brown, E., 2018. Perceptions of Students in an Event Management Program of Annotation Systems and Their Influence on Student Learning.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education, pp.1-9. Ouyang, Z., Gursoy, D. and Sharma, B., 2017. Role of trust, emotions and event attachment on residents' attitudes toward tourism.Tourism Management,63, pp.426-438. Park, S.B. and Park, K., 2017. Thematic trends in event management research.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,29(3), pp.848-861. Todd, L., Leask, A. and Ensor, J., 2017. Understanding primary stakeholders' multiple roles in hallmark event tourism management.Tourism Management,59, pp.494-509. Van Niekerk, M., 2017. Contemporary issues in events, festivals and destination management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(3), pp.842-847. Veal, A.J., 2017.Research methods for leisure and tourism. Pearson UK. Location Hilton hotel Park Lane, 2018 [Accessed through] https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/''/''/@51.5056327,-0.2204595,12z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4876052f99d7b523:0x477b77a33607c0cd!2m2!1d-0.15042!2d51.5056536 [Accessed on 29th March 2018]

Punnet Square Lab free essay sample

Go to the following website for completion: http://www. mhhe. com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_05/BL_05. html Upon completion of the Punnett Squares Virtual Lab, please answer the following questions thoroughly using complete sentences and proper grammar and spelling. 1. For one of the monohybrid crosses you performed in this Investigation, describe how to use the phenotype ratios to determine the percentage of offspring displaying each trait. Well for one once you have the phenotypes all done on your Punnet Square then you go through and see what ratio of the offspring got the traits of the parents. For mine were to create phenotypes with 50% from each so my ratios were 2:4. 2. Can the genotype for a gray-bodied fly be determined? Why or why not? Describe all of the possible genotypes for a fly with that phenotype. Yes the genotype of a gray-bodied fly can be determined by doing a Punnet square for those types like I did one parent was Gg and the other was gg so the possibilities with were GG,Gg,GG,Gg which meant that all the offspring would be gray bodied fly’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Punnet Square Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Explain why an organism with a homozygous dominant genotype has the same phenotype as an organism with a heterozygous genotype. Well the reason that a homozygous dominant genotype has the same phenotype as a heterozygous genotype is like this which can be called by the information given a dihybrid crossing which, â€Å"or example, a heterozygous parent (PpTt) can pass on the following combinations of alleles: (PT), (Pt), (pT), (pt). Each box of the Punnett square is labeled with one of these possible combinations of alleles. So when you look at it that way the offspring have both allies and that a homozygous and heterozygous cane have the same genotype. What genetic information can be obtained from a Punnett square? What genetic information cannot be determined from a Punnett square? The genetic information that can be obtained from the Punnett square is what kind of offspring two things will have and mostly likely what they will look, have, or be short, tall etc†¦ The only genetic thing that cannot be determined is the sex that is something that can only be told once born, grown, or so on.

Nissan Hill Essays - United States, Illinois, Free Essays

Nissan Hill Essays - United States, Illinois, Free Essays Nissan Hill Professor White English 102-14 24 August 2016 President Obama's Rebuilds America Senator Barack Obama ran for the 44 th presidency in the United States of America with his running mate, Senator Joe Biden, defeating their opponents, Senator John McClain and Governor Sarah Palin. Barack Obama then became the first African-American President of the United States of America. Although President Obama has had many achievements through out his two consecutive terms, such as eliminating Osama Bin Laden, ending war in Iraq , and improving international relations; his greatest achievement was be ttering the economy for the American people. Economy is defined by our country's wealth in terms of the production of goods and how we consume them. Obama furthered the economy by creating a universal health insurance , lowering the unemployment rate , and furthering assistance for college students. President Obama's attentive management of what America has available has created a better economy. From 2008 to 2016, America has had tremendous shifts in overall economics. Presi dent Obama has passed many acts, such as The Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act , to ensure a greater economy for America but the most successful of them all was the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , best known as ObamaCare . After many failures to create universal health insurance by numerous Presidents, including Bill Clinton, George Bush, and Jimmy Carter, President Obama successfully created the Affordable Care Act. According to the New York Amsterdam News, " Because the uninsured are often unable to pay for their medical expenses, the expenses are passed on to those with premiums, causing inflation in their medical plan coverage expenses. Emergency room visits are more expensive than a trip to the doctor's office. As of August of 2013, the U.S. health care inflation rate was 2.34 percent, compared to 1.94 percent last month an d 4.05 percent as of last year" (Jones). Although many people believe ObamaCare is unsuccessful, ObamaCare bettered the U.S. economy by giving more access to affordable, class health insurance to Americans, ultimately reducing the growth in U.S. health care spending. By passing the Affordable Care Act, Obama has augmented America's economy. Moreover , Obama's ability to decline the unemployment rate has helped improve the American economy. Recovering from a recession always results in decline of unemployment rates, but during President Obama's tenure, unemployment rates have lowered more than ever before. Since Barack Obama first took office the unemployment rate in America has dropped below five percent ( Bureau of Labor Statistics Data ). In 2009, Obama s igned The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , an economic stimulus package that would help America's economy recovery from the great recession and in case of another recession. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act created and saved jobs swiftly, lowering unemployment rates and recovering the economy. It also invested in many things that would better the economy in the future, such as education and renewable energy. On the word of Back to Full Employment , " As Obama's first term is reaching its end, the ARRA remains his mo st aggressive initia tive to fight mass unemployment" (Pollin 69). Obama has successfully reduced the unemployment rate tremendously throughout his tenure, which advanced the United States of America's economy. Finally, President Barack Obama bettered the American economy by providing assistance to current and former college students. The most important investment people make after high school is into higher education. Although, higher education has become essential to make a comfortable living, many cannot afford it. College often puts Americans in great debt. Obama signed The Student Aid Bill of Rights into memorandum for the Department of Education. The Student Aid Bill of Rights provides students with security on obtaining as least student loans as possible. According to the Office of the Press Secretary, " Americans are increasingly reliant on student loans to help pay for college. Today, more than 70 percent of those earning a bachelor's degree graduate with debt, which averages $28,400 at public and non-profit colleges. Today's actions will help borrowers responsibly manage their debt, improve federal student loan servicing, and protect taxpayers' investments in the stude nt aid program " ( FACT SHEET: A Student

Country Analysis Project (CAP) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Country Analysis Project (CAP) - Research Paper Example This led to massive climate changes over time because of overgrazing which desiccated the land and led to the encroachment of the Sahara desert. This led to massive migration and settlement along the fertile Nile valleys and formed a more centralized society. In the Nile valley, a Neolithic culture rooted by 6000BC. In this era, there was development of several dynastic cultures in the upper and the lower Nile. The lower Egyptian communities coexisted with the southern communities for over 2000 years, but remained distinct culturally and at the same time, retained close trade contact. According to the CIA World Fact Book, Egypt is one of the world’s earliest civilizations. This is because of the richness in the regular Nile river floods, plus the partial segregation that the desert provides to the east and west. In 341 BC, the last native dynasty ruled over Egypt but fell under the Persians, who were later toppled by the Greeks and Romans. From the seventh century BC, the Arab s ruled Egypt for six centuries. A local military social group, the Mamluks, took control and continued to rule after the invasion of Egypt in 1517 by the Ottoman Turks. The completion of the Suez Canal made Egypt an important global transportation hub, though it was also in massive debt. To protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt in1882, though nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire went on until 1914. By 1922, Egypt was partially independent from the United Kingdom. It got full sovereignty in 1952 after overthrowing a British backed monarchy (Stannard, p. 112). Egypt’s economic assessment The economy of this country relies mostly on agriculture, petroleum exports, media and tourism. Since 1979, the United States foreign aid has granted Egypt an average of 2.2 billion dollars per year, making it the third largest recipient of foreign funding. The government has invested heavily in physical structures and communications. However, the largest revenue source is tourist and partly traffic. Economic growth Before the 2011 uprising in Egypt, the country was enjoying a rising GDP acceleration, which reached a height of 7.1 % in 2006/2007. This was from rise in both public and private investment, with a continued, substantive economic investment. However, labor productivity continues to show sluggish growth, which presents a potential harm to the gross domestic growth. Poverty Though there are low incidences of extreme poverty, a whopping 43.9% of the total population leaves under ?2 per day. With this, it has an enormous challenge of transforming growth to poverty eradication. Reforms will aim at development of human capital, creation of jobs and productivity. Economic structure In Egypt, the largest economic sector of both labor force and output is in services. Industrial activities propel growth in revenue. At the second position is agriculture as a source of employment, though has the least output. For future growth, creation of jobs is imperative, especially in the industrial sector and increasing agricultural and services productivity for long term economic structural transformation (Rotberg, p. 79). Fiscal and monetary policy Between 2002/2003 and 2006/2007, Egypt’s budget deficit fell from 9.0% of their GDP to 7.7%. This is because the government lowered subsidies on fuel and held back wage growth. Interest payment and subsidy depress the government’s capital spending. Rapid supply and money growth continue to drive up inflation rates (Rotberg,

An Introduction to Religion in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

An Introduction to Religion in China - Essay Example Different communities had different beliefs, thus developing differing attitudes towards religion. This paper looks to demonstrate how the Chinese conception of religion in relation to their beliefs and practices. This paper will also seek to determine whether religion existed in China during pre-modern times and outline what might be at stake when the Chinese are asked these questions. In the ancient times in China, people lived in small villages and towns typically of up to one to one thousand residents. Their exposure to cultural horizons was not far much wide as almost all of them were illiterate. Any chance they had of learning about the tradition in the west or the outside world had to come in the type of songs and speeches in their native language. There is certainly no doubt that the people who lived in the same are all shared common practices and beliefs. However, other Chinese citizens in different locations across China also had their doctrines and practices that varied fr om others I one way or another. Despite of these differences that developed between these people, all their cultural beliefs were still regarded as Chinese. Vernacular ideologies explain why these cultural beliefs and practices were collectively shared. Similar language, customary laws and equivalent proverbs were also common. This coherence of similar cultural practices summed the Chinese beliefs and practices (DeBary, Lufrano & Chan 76).... A European traveler, Father Evariste Hue, who had spent quite a lot of time in China, was able to discern the progress that the Chinese were making. Presentations were still a common occurrence, and different social classes were beginning to emerge. The rich were gradually differentiating themselves from the poor but despite these developing differences, various kinds of rituals still retained their primary role in the symbolic heart of China. According to Hue, temples, family ceremonials and religious processions where springing up with almost the same accuracy as were the different kinds of rituals taking centre stage in china. It is noteworthy that the Chinese embraced religion with almost the same enthusiasm as they valued their beliefs. The Chinese incorporated their beliefs into religion. This is seen when they perform procedure gods. This script execution formed a means of communication between them and their gods (DeBary, Lufrano & Chan 97). Religion existed in China long bef ore they developed ties with the west though it is vital to mention that faith was developed further after China had developed ties with the west. Temples still existed in the pre-modern times. The presence of this temple shows there was some of the worship. Rituals were performed in these temples to communicate with the gods. These gods, the Chinese people believed had some super natural powers over them. This shows that though an inferior form of worship as compared to modern day religion, that the Chinese believed in religion long before meeting civilization from the west. The refining of fire ritual is one excellent example to show further prove to affirm that religion was already in china before civilization. This

Homework questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homework questions - Essay Example Both parties, therefore, had the capacity to enter into the agreement. In the case, it is clear that all the obligations were met by the promise and the bargain is to be honored thereof. Sidway should respect the agreement and follow what Story had said. The issue here is whether a valid contract was written between the two parties in question and the suit entities on promissory estoppel theory. The theory explains that; if a person makes a false statement to another and the recipient relies on it in good faith and to his disadvantage, then the court treats the statement as a promise in order to provide justice. Medister, which is a real estate developer entered into a considerable contract with Dr. Schmidt, who offered the contract to develop the Texas Centre for athletes. The contract was considerable since the contractor accepted and was in a position to perform the work he contracted with the amount of money agreed. In analyzing the case it is clear that Dr. Schmidt gave an assurance to the contractor on full work completion, it was, therefore, reasonable for the contractor to rely on the assurance. Prevention of injustice is the imperative idea in this case, and injustice can be prevented only by enforcing the assurance of Dr. Schmidt. Medister is entitled to complete the project they contracted. The uprising issue in this case is whether the two parties entered into a valid agreement and contract between them. The fact is that Kathy left his car to be serviced by Freddie at any agreed contract on the cost. Freddie had an obligation of repairing the car at any cost that he deemed think was fit. In this scenario, the parties did not have a valid contract between them that was to stipulate how the business was to be undertaken; it is, therefore, a quasi-contract. In quasi-contract, the court has an obligation to prevent unjust enrichment. The bill that Freddie has given Kathy seemed to be high as compared to the repair that has been made.

History Of The Irish Republican Army History Essay

History Of The Irish Republican Army History Essay We have been told, we have been asked to hope, that after this war Ireland will get Home Rule, as a reward for the lifeblood shed in a cause which, whomever else its success may benefit, can surely not benefit Ireland (Casement, 1916). Ireland has a long and blood history involving their fight of freedom from religious oppression, rulers and land. It should be no wonder to most that due to these issues in Ireland rebel groups, some labeled terrorists, rose up to fight against the oppression. One such group is the Irish Republican Army, which has been in existence for a little less than 100 years. In order to understand this complex terrorist group one must first look at the history of Ireland, the methodologies and ideologies of this group as well as present and future threats this group faces. St. Patrick was born around 400 A.D. in Britain to a very religious family; his father a Christian deacon. It is claimed young St. Patrick was taken by a group of Irish bandits and held prisoner in Ireland for approximately six years. Once released, St. Patrick attempted to leave Ireland and return to his native Britain. It is stated that St. Patrick received a vision for God while returning to Britain after his capture that he was to remain in Ireland and spread the word of God, hence St. Patrick is credited for bringing Christianity to Ireland which would set the stage for religious conflict several hundred years later (Who Was St. Patrick, n.d., n.p.). Although religion was introduced very early in Irelands history, it did not appear to cause many problems until the issue of Catholicism versus Protestantism. England continued to seize control of Ireland between the 1100s and the 1500s leading the land to be ruled by predominant protestant leaders who attempted to bring in their protestant rules but failed (Henry VIII). This in turn United the Irish Catholics to fight harder for freedom of religion and creating and even bigger wedge between the people and their ruler. These revolts (Ulster Revolt) that the new King, King James I attempted to provide land to protestant settlers in an attempt to create peace. This however old made the wedge greater as now Catholics were fearful of losing the majority and their land (Northern Ireland Timeline, n.d., n.p.). James II came to rule Ireland in the late 1600s and attempted to outlaw many of the anti-Catholic laws which lead to a falling out between him and his counterparts in England. In short as a result of this fighting and his inability to satisfy his counterparts in England, William of Orange was encouraged by Britain to take the thrown. As a result James II fled to Ireland in what would be known as the Glorious Revolution. The Battle of Boyne taking place approximately two years later involved the two in which William of Orange defeated James IIs attempt to regain control of the throne (Northern Ireland Timeline, n.d., n.p.). Another significant event in Irelands history which also ignited Irelands hatred for its British rulers was the Potato Famine. Although many people in Ireland grew many different crops such as wheat and oats, potatoes was a very big staple in their diet. Between 1845 and 1848 the crops in Ireland failed leading to over a million Irish to starve to death. As a result of this incident several fled and relocated in different areas. One of the biggest problems the Irish had was that their British rules and the country of England failed to provide any type of support such as more for fear the Irish would revolt and use the money to buy arms to overrule their government. This led to an even deeper hatred of the British for their refusal to help in a time of need. Approximately twenty years later Charles Parnell felt to solve this issue of Ireland knowing whats best for Ireland, he helped introduce a bill that Ireland should be ruled by Irish Parliament (Home Rule Bill). This bill was introduced once in 1886 and again in 1893 failing both times due to fear that the parliament would consist mainly of Catholics and not equal representation of the Irish. As a result of this failed bill Sinn Fein was formed. Sinn Fein, meaning we the people was an organization that was formed to free Ireland from British rule and regain independence for Ireland as its own separate entity. Although the bill failed two times, a third Home Rule Bill was passed a third time in 1912 (set to become law in 1914) causing major discord in Ireland. As a result of this discord, the proposed solution was to introduce Home Rule with Partition; six Protestant counties would stay a part of the United Kingdom. The IRA was formed from approximately 1000 rebels of the Irish Volunteers decided to take advantage of the fact that Britain was losing the battle with Germany and attempted to declare Ireland its own sovereign entity. This rebellion became known as Easter Rising, as these rebels took over the Dublin Post Office on Easter Monday in an attempt to take back Ireland. British forces did not take kindly to this rebellion and brought troops to this location in an attempt to re-claim the post office. The fighting last for approximately five days and resulted in 400 deaths and over 2,500 injuries. The rebels ultimately lost and ultimately were punished by death. These rebels became known as the Irish Republican Army. The Irish Republican Army as stated above was formed in approximately 1916 after the Easter Rising. The Irish Republican Armys goal is to free Ireland from British rule. They also wanted to remove the British troops from Ireland and unite the country to rule itself. The Irish Republican Army has method of getting its message across includes bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, beatings, smuggling, extortion and robberies (Pike, 2005, n.p.). The Irish Republican Army gets its funding and training from an unlikely source; The PLO and Libya. The Irish Republican Army receives training, money and weaponry from this country and this other terrorist organization (Pike, 2005, n.p.). It should also come as no surprise that Sinn Fein also supports this organization as well as sympathizers from many different countries to include the United States. Although the IRA could be considered one of the main terrorist organizations in Ireland there are also a few splinter groups that originated from the IRA. First is the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The Provisional Irish Republican Army formed off in late 1960s as a result of the hard crackdown by the protestants in Ireland. The IRA was committed to peaceful means of getting a united Ireland while the new splinter group Provisional Irish Republican Army (also known as PIRA or Provos) were seeking change through violence. In short, this new splinter group was the more violent of the two and attempted violent physical acts in an attempt to get their message across (Gregory, 2010, n.p.). Another splinter group of the IRA is the Real IRA which was formed in 1997 in response to those who were displeased with the peace talks that occurred around this time with the British authorities. It is estimated that this splinter group has about 100 followers (Fletcher, 2008, n.p.). This group also appears to distrust Sinn Fein and disapprove of its role that it has in the IRA. Ireland has had a history of discord and unrest but it is important to note the most recent period of discord known as The Troubles that occurred between 1968 and 1998. During this time there were many issues and fighting between Catholics and Protestants. Also during this time were many protests and marches in an effort to protect their civil rights. One of the most famous incidents during this time frame was Bloody Sunday. Bloody Sunday took place on January 30, 1972. During a march of over 1000 people in Derry and British militant without warning or cause shot and killed thirteen catholic protesters. The soldier at the time was acquitted of any wrong doing causing outrage as this march/protest was peaceful. Several years later the British would however, admit their wrong doing. This outrage led the IRA to set off 26 car bombs in Belfast killing 9 people and injuring approximately 130 (Frontline, 2007, n.p.). This outrage and acts of terror would continue for many years. The IRA wo uld continue on its bombing campaign and other acts of terrorism until peace talks in approximately 1996/1997. The Belfast Agreement occurred on April 10, 1998. This Agreement was between the British, Sinn Fein and the IRA. Sinn Fein was invited on the condition that a six week cease come into place. During the negotiations in 1997 the Irish Republican Army retracted its cease fire in July of 1997 causing this agreement to take approximately one year to work out between the parties. The Belfast Agreement stated many things. First, Ireland could not be considered a united independent country without the majority of those living in Northern Ireland. Second, those in the north had the right to refer to themselves as either British or Irish and that was not to cause any discord. This agreement also set up a north/south council to keep both sides best interest at heart. This agreement was well received by the Irish and on May 23, 1998 a referendum showed an overwhelming support for this agreement (Timeline, n.d., n.p.). Since this agreement in 1998 it appears that the IRA has been contained. There have however still been illegal activities being executed by the IRA. According to one source, in 2004 the IRA was implicated in two sever robberies with one involving almost 50 million dollars (Pike, 2005, n.p.). A short while later the IRA also put an end to it armed violent campaign. The current leader, Óglaigh na hÉireann issued a statement on July 25, 2005 that he was ordering all his armed forces to dump their arms. In this statement he also indicated that although he still believed in their cause (to rid the country of British rule and unite Ireland into its own entity), he felt this could be accomplished through no violent means (Kuznicki, M., Willet, C., Griffin, M., Manley, E., Matten, R., n.d., n.p.). In conclusion, it appears for now that the IRA has taken a less violent turn. It should be noted however that although the IRA appears to be giving up arms there are many splinter groups and sympathizers with this organization all over the world that have not agreed to a treaty. It seems that the key to less violence is for British troops to stay out of Ireland and allow that country to continue on its own path.

A Painting by Paula Rego called The Family - The Stimulus for our Dram

A Painting by Paula Rego called The Family - The Stimulus for our Drama Piece INTRODUCTION In this essay I will be discussing the work that I have done in the first module of performance studies. The aim of this module was to develop technical skills in dance, drama and music and using the performance process of improvising, rehearsing and performing and then applying these skills to four performance pieces. We carried out several skills workshops to help develop confidence in all 3 thematic areas to a more even consistency as some members of our group had never done dance, music and some hadn't taken expressive arts GCSE. In this module I developed skills in all three areas, some completely new skills (for example in dance) and those skills, which I already knew but developed them to a higher standard of performance. I also learnt the processes of constructing a performance piece in performance studies and skills that are applicable in all three thematic areas. I will elaborate on how I have developed these skills during this module in this essay. THE DRAMA PIECE The stimulus we were given for our drama piece was a painting by Paula Rego called "The Family" which contained a lot of ideas for interpretation, especially work on proxemics, which we had previously studied in our skills workshops. "The Family" shows an ambiguous relationship between men, women and children and the variation in the 'traditional' status of a father, mother and daughter figures. It is important to bear in mind during stages of improvisation that character and plot development are not always the most essential part of a drama piece. More advanced performance skills should be taken into account, such as tension, proxemics and physicality and the subtext created as a result of the effective use of these techniques, which our drama piece evolved around. We decided that the most direct way of communication was to produce a distinct sexual subtext between two characters, and in our case this was the father and the daughter. Initial brainstorms we had were focused on light, physicality and gesture in the picture and we didn't want it to be 'story - led' as we felt this would be too simplistic and wouldn't allow us to explore our skills and techniques as performers. In the early stages of improvisation, we decided that tension was vital in our scene, so this had to be created by si... ...med our dance to a structured rhythm sequence to show the evolving of the evil dominating the pure and good. But as I said before, there seemed to be no real motivation behind our piece. I did feel thought that although we had no dialogue, it was unnecessary to do so and I think that the studying of Boal and Pinter really helped with this. I think that, as a group we realised that plot and character development weren't important at that stage. By not having any characters but just acting the gestus of our role, we portrayed the mannerisms, which as a result created tension because of the content of the scene. I do feel that because we didn't have characters such, the other skills we had refined were lacking. This is the one piece that I actually would like to do again as I don't feel we devised and performed this to the best of our abilities. I think I would've liked to keep the music and dance pieces but adjusted the drama to include the kind of energy we had had in the drama piece where the piece was 'loaded' with subtext. This I feel was not dramatic and didn't convey the ideas to the audience that we wanted to. I don't believe this piece was as successful as it could have been.

Agriculture in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a primarily agrarian economy. Agriculture is the single largest producing sector of the economy since it comprises about 18. 6% (data released on November, 2010) of the country's GDP and employs around 45% of the total labor force. [1] The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. A plurality of Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, wheat is assuming greater importance.Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavorable weather conditions. These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more eff icient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks.With 35. 8 million metric tons produced in 2000, rice is Bangladesh's principal crop. National sales of the classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formulated product in 2003. [2][3] The insecticides not only represent an environmental threat, but are a significant expenditure to poor rice farmers. The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is working with various NGOs and international organizations to reduce insecticide use in rice. [4] In comparison to rice, wheat output in 1999 was 1. 9 million metric tons.Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh's agricultural sector will be its abi lity to absorb additional manpower. Finding alternative sources of employment will continue to be a daunting problem for future governments, particularly with the increasing numbers of landless peasants who already account for about half the rural labor force. Food cropsAlthough rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance. [5] Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed. [5] Tea is grown in the northeast. [5] Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. [5] Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavorable weather conditions.These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of bette r distribution and rural credit networks. [5] With 28. 8 million metric tons produced in 2005-2006 (July–June), rice is Bangladesh's principal crop. [5] By comparison, wheat output in 2005-2006 was 9 million metric tons. [5] Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. [5] Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap.Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh's agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. [5] Bangladesh is the fourth largest rice [6] producing country in the world. National sales of the classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formulated product in 2003 [1] [2]. The insecticides not only represent an environmental threat, but are a significant expenditure to poor rice farmers.The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is worki ng with various NGOs and international organizations to reduce insecticide use in rice [3]. Wheat is not a traditional crop in Bangladesh, and in the late 1980s little was consumed in rural areas. During the 1960s and early 1970s, however, it was the only commodity for which local consumption increased because external food aid was most often provided in the form of wheat. In the first half of the 1980s, domestic wheat production rose to more than 1 million tons per year but was still only 7 to 9 percent of total food grain production. Record production of nearly 1.5 million tons was achieved in FY 1985, but the following year saw a decrease to just over 1 million tons. About half the wheat is grown on irrigated land. The proportion of land devoted to wheat remained essentially unchanged between 1980 and 1986, at a little less than 6 percent of total planted area. Wheat also accounts for the great bulk of imported food grains, exceeding 1 million tons annually and going higher than 1. 8 million tons in FY 1984, FY 1985, and FY 1987. The great bulk of the imported wheat is financed under aid programs of the United States, the European Economic Community, and the World Food Programme.Food grains are cultivated primarily for subsistence. Only a small percentage of total production makes its way into commercial channels. Other Bangladeshi food crops, however, are grown chiefly for the domestic market. They include potatoes and sweet potatoes, with a combined record production of 1. 9 million tons in FY 1984; oilseeds, with an annual average production of 250,000 tons; and fruits such as bananas, jackfruit, mangoes, and pineapples. Estimates of sugarcane production put annual production at more than 7 million tons per year, most of it processed into a coarse, unrefined sugar known as gur, and sold domestically.

Computer Games On Critical Thinking Skills Of Adolescence Education Essay

Presents, the new coevals has begun to develop an involvement in assorted computing machine bet oning activities. It is likely that computing machine games provide satisfaction for the demands, such as to let go of emphasis and as a acquisition procedure tool. Therefore, both kids and grownups are really attracted and addicted to these activities. It is really common for grownups to acquire involved in these computing machine games because drama is a natural manner to larn as it is joyful and can supply the chances to unconsciously incorporate thoughts ( Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud & A ; Roselan Baki, 2009 ) . In add-on, great entree to cyberspace has besides increased these old ages. Most households are able to afford computing machine and internet entree at place. Besides, picture games had besides increased to go one of kids and adolescence ‘s front-runner, even in grownups every bit good. The gross revenues of video games in the United States have grown systematic ally between $ 7 billion and $ 7.5 billion in 1999. On the other manus, the worldwide gross revenues had besides increased to $ 20 billion ( Gentile, Lynch, Linder & A ; Walsh, 2004 ) . Games have ever been a favorite interest for everyone despite their age and gender. But, how is game defined? Harmonizing to Huizinga ( as cited in Smed & A ; Hakonen, 2003 ) , he defined drama as an activity which returns within certain bounds of clip and infinite, in a seeable order, harmonizing to regulations freely accepted, and outside the domain of necessity or material public-service corporation. In add-on, game is defined as an cosmopolitan signifier of diversion which includes any activity of amusement and organize a competition or competition fortunes. A game is comprised of three constituents: the willingness of participants to take part in the game to seek for amusement, regulations that provide bounds for the game, and ends which initiate struggles and competition among the participants. So, computing machine games can be defined as a set of activities that involves one or more participants, with ends, restraints and effects. Harmonizing to Crawford ( as cited in Hasiah Mohamed Omar, Nora Yanti Che Jan & A ; Nik Marsyahariani Nik Daud, 2010 ) , all games are comprised of four common factors: representation, interaction, struggle and safety. It is accomplished with the assistance of a computing machine plan, in which the computing machine coordinates the game procedure, exemplify the state of affairs and take part as a participant. There are assorted types of computing machine games designed to suit different participants ‘ demands and demands, for case, function playing game, educational game, athletics game and amusement game. World of Warcrafts ( WOW ) is the most popular â€Å" massively multiplayer on-line role-playing games † ( MMORPGs ) worldwide, with transcending 9 million endorsers from North America and Europe, Australia, New Zealand, China, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, based on the Blizzard ‘s official web site. Besides, it is besides the first on-line game to make the gross revenues of over $ 100 million worldwide in the first twelvemonth of production, and besides known as the best-selling Personal computer game in 2005 and 2006 ( Chen & A ; Chang, 2008 ) . Games may be harmful to a individual ‘s wellness, but it may besides lend to an of import function in instruction. It benefits users in larning procedure such as bettering their logical and critical thought and job resolution accomplishments. Besides, it besides assists users in bettering their physiological reactions and hand-eye coordination. Critical thought is acquiring more and more of import as a cognitive undertaking on present yearss. Persons today frequently encountered metric tons of jobs and have an increasing figure of of import determinations to do, which affects themselves and the society. The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking defined critical thought as the intellectually disciplined procedure of actively and skillfully gestating, using, analysing, synthesising, and measuring information gathered from observation, experience, contemplation, concluding, or communicating, as a usher to belief and action. There are two factors in critical thought: a set of information, belief generating and processing accomplishments ; and the wont of utilizing those accomplishments to steer action ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ; Renaud & A ; Murray, 2008 ) . Critical thought is non cosmopolitan as persons have undisciplined and irrational idea. However, it is seen as a self-guided and self-restraining thought in which concluding frequently occurs at the highest degree. Persons with critical thought are able to utilize their rational tools to believe rationally and moderately by forming and analysing ideas in order to do determinations that affect their lives, every bit good as to better their thought and concluding accomplishments ( Schafersman, 1991 ) . Problem Statement In Malaysia, 75.8 % of signifier one pupils in Kuala Lumpur were gamers, whereas the other 24.2 % were non-gamers. It is so reported that out of the 138 male childs being surveyed, 126 ( 91.3 % ) of them were gamers. On the other manus, 53 out of 98 ( 54.1 % ) miss being surveyed were besides gamers. This research showed that male childs have a higher per centum to be gamers than misss. Computer games do non merely act as the involvement among adolescence, it besides acted as a acquisition tool where brainstorming and critical thought develops. Therefore, it is non surprising that the signifier one pupils are so indulged in it ( Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud & A ; Roselan Baki, 2009 ) . In a study on Institute of Higher Learning ( IHL ) pupils ‘ exposure to computing machine games in Malaysia, it is reported that 36.8 % of pupils were exposed to computing machine games at the age of 10 to 12, 21.1 % at the age of 7 to 9, and 7 % at the age of 16 to 18. About 80 % preferred to play card and arcade games, followed by action games ( 69.2 % ) , function playing games ( 63.1 % ) , puzzle games ( 50.8 % ) , scheme games ( 26.2 % ) and sport games ( 21.5 % ) . This statistics revealed that the pupils at IHL have a penchant for games that enhance their high-order thought accomplishments ( Hasiah Mohamed Omar, Nora Yanti Che Jan & A ; Nik Marsyahariani Nik Daud, 2010 ) . Excessive exposure to computing machine games can be risky as it may impact wellness and even take to decease. In Beijing, a adult male in his mid-thirtiess was found abruptly after an inordinate three-day gambling indulgence in 2007. Deaths by bet oning have besides been reported in Hong Kong, a 28-year-old adult male and a 17-year-old male child died within a twelvemonth of each other while playing the first-person taw game. In the U.S, a adult male died a hebdomad after he played Nintendo. On the other manus, in South Korea, a adult male died four yearss subsequently after exposure to inordinate on-line games. Harmonizing to Dr. Maressa Orzack ( as cited in Lee, 2009 ) , â€Å" our society is going more computing machine dependant non merely for information, but besides for merriment and amusement, this tendency is a possible job impacting all ages, get downing with computing machine games for childs. † Numerous surveies had revealed a consistent negative correlativity between sums of picture games played and school public presentation of kids, adolescence, and college pupils. Harmonizing to the informations, adolescence and college pupils who spent more clip on games are more likely to hold poorer classs in categories, compared to non-gamers. Besides, the content of games besides played an of import function. Based on recent analyses, approximately 89 % of games contain some violent content in which half of the games presented heavy force. Spending excessively much clip on these force games can bring forth strong negative effects on the gamer. For case, additions aggressive behaviors, ideas and emotions ; desensitisation to real-life force, increases physiological rousing and decreases societal behavior ( Gentile, Lynch, Linder & A ; Walsh, 2004 ) . The effects are proven by informations collected from functional magnetic resonance imagination scan ( functional magnetic resonance i maging ) . It showed that there is activation in the amygdaloid nucleus when the adolescents are playing games, but less activation in the concentration portion of the encephalon ( Carney, 2008 ) . Other than that, video games can besides do several other effects such as fleshiness in kids, societal isolation and physiological wellness jobs. Obesity is hazardous because it affects one ‘s wellness to the extreme. When kids spend most of their clip sitting and bet oning, they do non even bother to acquire up or hold a walk outside. Hence, opportunities of acquiring corpulence are ineluctable if they do non do any alterations with their lives. In the same state of affairs, the longer the clip they caught up in gambling activities, the more opportunities of them to lose socialisation accomplishments or connexion with the outside universe. Face-to face socialisation will be reduced since they can hold interaction with others through the Internet. Therefore, these kids will bit by bit go socially stray someday. Furthermore, physiological jobs such as GI jobs, sickness and concerns, attending jobs such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) , addition in both emoti onal and behavioral upset symptoms, diminutions in verbal memory public presentation, and decreased sum of slumber ( AddictionBlog.org, 2010 ; Cultrona, 2010 ) . Frand ( as cited in Roselan Baki, Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud & A ; Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah, 2008 ) discovered that computing machine games and cyberspace are really of import to the younger coevals as they depended and remain connected with it most of their clip. However, other research workers claimed that picture games are no longer a interest for adolescence as it works as a larning tool in which it enhances computing machine literacy, ocular attending, job resolution and reaction clip. In add-on, Gee ( as cited in Roselan Baki, Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud & A ; Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah, 2008 ) mentioned that video game can be a learning tool integrated into schoolroom acquisition since kids today frequently play games. Harmonizing to him, â€Å" when childs play videogames they experience a much more powerful signifier of larning than when they are in the schoolroom † . Besides, the benefits that one could obtain from computing machine games include chance for practical socialization ; larning about other participants ‘ civilizations and life styles ; prosecute in high-order thought accomplishment ; gathers general cognition ; and even increasing the linguistic communication larning chance. Therefore, it is suggested that instructors in school should admit the benefits of games on cognitive development of the pupils by organizing learning methods that helps to reassign the accomplishments and schemes to the pupils ( Roselan Baki, Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud & A ; Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah, 2008 ) . Conceptual Model Gender *Independent Variable* Male Female Critical Thinking Skills *Dependent Variable* Duration of games played per twenty-four hours *Independent Variable* Type of Games *Independent Variable* Strategy Game 1. & lt ; 2 hours Arcade Game 2. 3 – 6 hours Card and Board Game 3. 7 – 10 hours Shooting Game 4. 11 – 13 hours Word and Puzzle Game 5. & gt ; 14 hours Role-Playing Game The chief model of this research is focused on how computing machine games can be of import determiners of the development of critical thought accomplishments in adolescence. Three variables: gender, type of games and continuance of games played per twenty-four hours will be examined and they act as an independent variable in this research. The type of games will be categorized into six classs such as scheme, arcade, card and board, word and mystifier, shot, and role-playing games. Each of these independent variables will be surveyed whether it plays a function in developing or bettering critical thought accomplishments in adolescence. Theoretical Model John Dewey ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking Harmonizing to John Dewey, critical thought is viewed as ‘reflective thought ‘ and it is defined as an â€Å" active, relentless, and careful consideration of a belief or supposed signifier of cognition in the visible radiation of the evidences which support it and the farther decisions to which it tends ( as cited in Jaimes, 2005 ) . † Robert Ennis ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking A widely used definition of critical thought was developed by Robert Ennis whom so defined critical thought as â€Å" sensible, brooding thought that is focused on make up one's minding what to believe or make ( Fisher, 2001 ) . † Moore and Parker ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking Harmonizing to Moore and Parker, critical thought is defined as â€Å" the careful, calculated finding of whether we should accept, reject, or suspend judgement about a claim, and the grade of assurance with which we accept or reject it ( The Critical Thinking Co Staff, 2005 ) . † Mathew Lipman ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking In Lipman ‘s position, critical thought is seen as a more complex procedure than ordinary thought. Lipman defines critical thought as a adept and responsible idea that helps to build better judgemental accomplishments. Harmonizing to Lipman, critical thought accomplishments are applied in a given context in order to assist separate between the most relevant and less relevant information received. Therefore, critical thought represents a tool for countering sentiments ( noncritical thought ) and thoughtless behavior. Apart from that, Lipman argues that critical thought â€Å" protects us from being coerced or brainwashed into believing what others want us to believe without holding the chance to ask for ourselves. † ( Murchu & A ; Muirhead, 2005 ; Daniel, Splitter, Slade, Lafortune, Pallascio & A ; Mongeau, 2004 ) . Critical thought is thought to develop based on four classs: conceptualization, concluding, generalization and research. In Lipman ‘s point of view, critical thought develops based on three standards: ( 1 ) Use of peculiar standards, whereby a individual who uses peculiar standards of his or her ain critical thought accomplishments to measure the footings of statements ; ( 2 ) Self-correction, in the sense that persons are capable of transporting out an active geographic expedition for the mistake they make with the aid of self-correction in their head ; ( 3 ) Sensitivity to context, in which the flexible ideas helps persons to place assorted applications of regulations and rules for different state of affairss ( Daniel, Splitter, Slade, Lafortune, Pallascio & A ; Mongeau, 2004 ) . Edward Glaser ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking Critical thought was defined by Edward Glaser in 1941 as the ability to believe critically which involves three constituents: ( 1 ) an attitude of being disposed to see in a thoughtful manner the jobs and topics that come within the scope of one ‘s experience, ( 2 ) holding the cognition of the methods for logical enquiry and logical thinking, and ( 3 ) the accomplishments required in using those methods. Harmonizing to Glaser, critical thought is a utile cognitive tool with a scope of abilities such as to acknowledge jobs, to happen solutions for the jobs, to garner information, to acknowledge the unexpressed premises, to grok and utilize linguistic communication with truth, to construe informations, to measure grounds, to measure statements, to acknowledge logical relationships between propositions, to pull and prove decisions, to retrace forms of beliefs, and to render opinions ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ; Fisher, 2001 ) . Bloom ‘s Taxonomy of Learning Domains The well known Bloom ‘s Taxonomy was originally formulated by Benjamin Bloom in 1956. This theoretical account was chiefly created for educational intents in developing critical thought accomplishments in pupils. It serves as a checklist that provides construction for planning, planing, measuring and measuring preparation and larning effectivity. There were three chief spheres identified: cognitive, affectional, and psychomotor. The cognitive sphere is comprised of six degrees which were organized from the simplest to the most complex: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation ( Big Dog & A ; Little Dog ‘s Performance Juxtaposition, 2009 ; BusinessBalls.com, 2009 ; Bellis, 2010 ) . Knowledge refers to the retrieval of informations or antecedently learned information such as the acknowledgment of specific facts to finish theories. Although it is the start for higher degree of believing development, nevertheless, it is besides the lowest degree of larning results in the sphere. Comprehension, on the other manus, refers to the ability to grok, construe, and understand the significance of information antecedently learned. If an person can grok rules and theories, it so contributes to future job work outing or determination devising in the work topographic point. It represents the lowest degree of understanding in the hierarchy. Application is defined as the usage of erudite stuff in a novel and concrete state of affairs. In other words, it involves choice and interlingual rendition of constructs, rules and theories into work outing a undertaking or job. It therefore requires a higher degree of understanding in this degree ( Hammond, 2007 ) . Analysis refers to the ability to acknowledge and separate stuffs learned into constituent parts, analyze the relationships between parts and recognize the organisation rules involved. It is in this degree that critical thought and job work outing gets involved. Besides, an apprehension of both content and structural signifier of stuff are besides involved. As for the degree of synthesis, it is the ability to organize a new construction ( i.e. , program, proposal ) from several little constituent parts, such as uniting thoughts. Emphasis on the preparation of new constructions is seen as the larning results in synthesis. Evaluation refers to the opinions made about the stuffs ‘ value for a given intent. The acquisition results are the highest among the hierarchy because they comprised of elements from all of the other degrees in the taxonomy. Besides, it besides contains witting value opinions based on clearly defined standards ( Huitt, 2009 ; Instructional Design Knowledge Bas e, n.d ) . However, Bloom ‘s taxonomy has been criticized by professional critics. They commented that this hierarchy merely focuses on the idea processes itself and non sing how these procedures may work otherwise on several different informations or state of affairss. They besides mentioned that the knowledge-level of thought can non be assumed as less demanding than application-level thought ( Harmon & A ; Jones, 2005 ) . On the other manus, Marzano pointed out that the construction of the taxonomy traveling from simplest degree of cognition to hard degree of rating has no supports from research surveies ( Intel Education, n.d. ) . Core Critical Thinking Skills ( Peter A. Facione ) Peter Facione conducted a Delphi undertaking with a group of critical thought experts and identified the nucleus elements of critical thought, known as the nucleus critical thought accomplishments. Harmonizing to the panel of experts, the nucleus of critical thought accomplishments can be divided into six cognitive accomplishments: reading, analysis, rating, illation, account, and self-regulation. Based on the experts ‘ consensus statements, reading is defined as the ability â€Å" to grok and show the significance or significance of a broad assortment of experiences, state of affairss, informations, events, judgements, conventions, beliefs, regulations, processs, or standards. † The sub-skills include classification, decrypting significance, and clear uping significance. Analysis, on the other manus, is â€Å" to place intended and existent illative relationships among statements, inquiries, constructs, descriptions, or other signifiers of representation that is intend ed to show belief, opinion, experiences, grounds, information, or sentiments. † The sub-skills include scrutiny of thoughts, sensing of statements, and analysis of statements ( Facione, 1990 ) . The 3rd accomplishment, rating, is â€Å" to measure the credibleness of statements or other representations which are histories or descriptions of a individual ‘s perceptual experience, experience, state of affairs, opinion, belief, or sentiment ; and to measure the logical strength of the existent or intended illative relationships among statements, descriptions, inquiries or other signifiers of representation. † It includes the sub-skills of measuring claims and measuring statements. Inference is defined as the accomplishments â€Å" to place and procure elements needed to pull sensible decisions ; to organize speculations and hypotheses ; to see relevant information and to evoke the effects fluxing from informations, statements, rules, grounds, opinions, beliefs, sentiments, constructs, descriptions, inquiries, or other signifiers of representation. † The sub-skills include questioning grounds, speculating options, and pulling decisions. Explanation refers to the ability â€Å" to province the consequences of one ‘s logical thinking ; to warrant that concluding in footings of the evidentiary, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, and contextual considerations upon which 1 ‘s consequences were based ; and to show one ‘s logical thinking in the signifier of telling statements. † Sub-skills of account include description of consequences, warranting processs, and showing statements. The last accomplishments which is known as self-regulation, is besides the most singular accomplishments among all six accomplishments. Experts define it as â€Å" self-consciously to supervise one ‘s cognitive activities, the elements used in those activities, and the consequences educed, peculiarly by using accomplishments in analysis, and rating to one ‘s ain illative opinions with a position toward oppugning, corroborating, proof, or rectifying either one ‘s concluding or one ‘s con sequences. † The sub-skills include the introspection and self-correction ( Facione, 2010 ) . A Stage Theory of Critical Thinking ( Linda Elder with Richard Paul ) A phase theory of critical thought development was originally developed by Linda Elder with Richard Paul ( Gakushuu, 2010 ) . Six phases were involved in this theory: 1 ) the unthinking mind, 2 ) the challenged mind, 3 ) the beginning mind, 4 ) the practicing mind, 5 ) the advanced mind, and 6 ) the maestro mind. In phase one, unthinking minds fail to detect the important jobs existed in their thought, such as doing premises, organizing constructs and sentiments, and pulling illations. In other words, they are incognizant of the lucidity, truth and relevancy of their ideas. Unreflective minds are deficiency of the accomplishments and cognition to measure their thought and better it. In add-on, self-monitoring idea is unequal which makes them unable to recognize their prejudice belief. In phase two, the challenged mind becomes cognizant of the jobs in believing and may try to better and develop consciousness of the appraisals of believing even though they have limited accomplishments in thought. Besides, their deceptive ideas can lead on them to believe that they have better thought accomplishments. Therefore, it leads them to extinguish other jobs in their thought imperceptibly ( Cournoyer, 2008 ; Worldwide Centre for Organisational Development, 2008 ) . In phase three, the beginning mind starts to understand the importance of egoistic function in believing. They have sufficient believing ability to assist them self-monitor their ideas so that they can place bias and biased beliefs. Practicing minds in phase four acknowledge the necessity to execute regular systematic pattern in believing. They besides become more knowing of the demands for regularly monitoring and measuring their ideas. In add-on, they frequently monitor their egoistic thought actively ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ) . In phase five, advanced minds have developed apprehensions of jobs at deeper degrees of ideas. However, they are non ready yet to hold consistent high degree believing. They besides have important penetrations into the function of egoistic ideas and the control over the ideas. In phase five, maestro minds exhibit highest degrees of critical thought and continual betterment of their ideas. They develop consistent self-monitoring ideas, and are able to pull off the strengths and failings of their ideas ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ; Worldwide Centre for Organisational Development, 2008 ) . The Elementss of Thought ( Richard Paul ) Richard Paul formulated this theoretical account by placing the eight elements as the basic edifice blocks of productive thought. It is composed of eight elements including intent, inquiry at issue, point of position, premises, information, constructs, reading and illation, deductions and effects. Combination of all these eight elements will supply a general logic to logical thinking. The component â€Å" Purpose † suggests that all concluding involves a intent or end. It is of import to clear up the conflicting intents as each single develops different intents in concluding. It is besides of import to find the best intent and non-critical thought motivations that one has. â€Å" Question at Issue † refers to the effort of concluding an issue by inquiring some inquiries. Therefore, issue ever raise a inquiry. The inquiries formulated will be answered or solved by one ‘s concluding procedure. However, before replying the inquiries, one should clearly place the significance of each inquiry. If possible, one should besides find the inquiries as holding one correct reply, or involves sentiments. â€Å" Point of View † includes the position sing an issue and how people are influenced by their ain point of position when logical thinking. Persons should place their ain point of position, every bit good as others in order to find the strengths a nd failings â€Å" Premises † are unexpressed grounds which predict decisions. It is suggested that people need to take things for granted in their logical thinking procedure to do several premises. However, one should clear up the premises made and so merely find its justification. â€Å" Information † requires important groundss that showed logical thinking is acceptable. It is highly of import to garner informations and facts in happening supports and cogent evidence for separating sentiments and grounds. In add-on, it is besides necessary to see the lucidity, truth, and relevancy of the groundss. Experience may besides lend to concluding procedure. â€Å" Concepts † suggest that the usage of constructs and thoughts including rules, Torahs, theories, definitions, and theoretical accounts are needfully required in concluding procedure. Besides, it is besides important to see alternate constructs before make up one's minding on which to utilize, and to place the lucidity of the constructs. â€Å" Interpretation and illation † involves pulling decisions and happening solution through concluding procedure by the receiving system. The decisions one concept is dependent on the illations that one has made. It is of import to deduce harmonizing to the evidentiary supports and the consistence of illations should be taken into history every bit good. â€Å" Deductions and Consequences † suggest the significance for sing the deductions and effects of concluding. Deductions are decisions drawn from the transmitter and formed by concluding. Therefore, it is of import that one should see both positive and negative deductions and all possible effects ( Paul, 1992 ; Santa Rosa Junior College, 2010 ) . Literature Review Gender and Critical Thinking Skills Type of Games and Critical Thinking Skills Duration of games played per twenty-four hours and Critical Thinking Skills Research Hypothesiss Three void hypotheses are formulated: H01 = There is no important difference between gender and critical thought accomplishments among adolescence H02 = There is no important difference between types of games and critical thought accomplishments among adolescence H03 = There is no relationship between the continuance of games played per twenty-four hours and critical thought accomplishments among adolescence Research Aims To find the differences in critical thought between males and females. To find the differences between critical thought and several types of games played. To look into the relationship between critical thought and the continuance of games played per twenty-four hours. Research Questions Is there a important difference in critical thought between males and females? Is there a important difference between critical thought and several types of games played? Is there a relationship between critical thought and the continuance of games played per twenty-four hours? Operational Definition Critical Thinking Tonss obtained from The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations ( HCTAES ) Methodology Sampling A sample size of 0.38 % adolescence from around 100000 populations of secondary school in Kuala Lumpur will be selected utilizing the multistage bunch trying method. Therefore, a sample of 400 participants with approximative 240 males and 160 females at the ages runing from 13 to 17 old ages old will be indiscriminately selected ( Krejcie & A ; Morgan, as cited in Key, 1997 ; Bahagian Perancangan Dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan, 2007 ) . First of all, six territories will be indiscriminately selected from 20 territories in Kuala Lumpur. The selected six territories will so be divided into school blocks, which there are 20 blocks in each territory. Four blocks will be indiscriminately selected. Following, split the blocks schools with 40 schools in each block and two schools will be selected indiscriminately. In each school, eight respondents will be indiscriminately selected to take part in this study research. The principle of taking multistage bunch sampling is that it provides a generalisation of the study findings of the population. In add-on, this trying method besides minimizes the possibility of prejudices in response of the study. Data Collection Procedure The information will be collected utilizing face-to-face interview with the participants. The research workers will do assignments with the participants selected in order to run into them in individual. Since there are two questionnaires ( i.e. , Computer Games Questionnaire and The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations ) needed to administer in this research, therefore the same group of participants selected will be expected to make full up the two questionnaires, one after the other, on the same twenty-four hours of interview. The research workers will be in the same room with the participants to do certain that they fill up both questionnaires, with the Computer Games Questionnaire foremost. After the interview, all the questionnaires will be collected for farther informations analysis. Instruments Demographic Form There are 10 inquiries formulated in the demographic signifier. The participants will be asked of the types of games that they preferred or engaged in playing most frequently. For case, scheme games, arcade games, card and board games, word and mystifier games, hiting games and role-playing games. Based on the different class of games, six inquiries are formed with graduated tables runing from ne'er, rarely, sometimes, often, and frequently. Furthermore, the continuance of clip that they engaged in the gambling activities per twenty-four hours will besides be asked in the questionnaire. Few options of the clip continuance are categorized as less than 2 hours, 3 to 6 hours, 7 to 10 hours, 11 to 13 hours and more than 14 hours per twenty-four hours. Other than that, the last inquiry requires the participant to analyse themselves as which type of computing machine game participant, with options such as non-computer, novice, occasional, frequent, and expert computing machine game partici pant. The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations ( HCTAES ) This instrument was late developed by Halpern and is composed of two response formats such as unfastened and closed ( Nieto & A ; Saiz, 2008 ) . Halpern made an effort to unite both the multiple-choice and open-ended inquiries into a individual measuring tool due to restrictions of each response format. The trial is considered less structured but it presents more life-like state of affairss by utilizing inquiries that are set in reliable and credible contexts to mensurate critical thought accomplishments. HCTAES is a measuring tool which comprises of 25 scenario-based inquiries on day-to-day life, with each inquiries dwelling of both open-ended and multiple-choice responses necessitating judgement and rating. There are a sum of 50 inquiries formulated in the trial. In the open-ended responses, it is aimed to prove the strategic usage of believing accomplishments and the ability to self-construct possible solutions without any intimations given, or known as measurings of â€Å" free callback. † For illustration, there will be a ‘Yes ‘ or ‘No ‘ inquiry and a short reply inquiry given in this subdivision. On the other manus, the multiple-choice responses measures â€Å" acknowledgment memory † whereby seeking and choice of appropriate cognition and accomplishments from participants ‘ memory are indispensable in assisting them to happen an appropriate reply from a list of options given. Other than supplying inquiries with several options to take from, Likert graduated table or 7-point graduated table is every bit good formulated in this subdivision. In add-on, the open-ended responses will be the first portion in each inquiry and participants are besides required to react to it foremost before they get to reply the multiple-choice portion. The intent of the inquiries formulated in this trial is to mensurate five types of critical thought accomplishments including verbal logical thinking ( i.e. , acknowledgment of the usage of permeant and deceptive linguistic communication ) , argument analysis ( i.e. , acknowledgment of grounds and decisions in statements ) , hypothesis testing ( i.e. , understand the sample size, generalisations ) , utilizing likeliness and uncertainness ( i.e. , using relevant rules of chance, base rates ) , every bit good as determination devising and job resolution ( i.e. , placing the job end, bring forthing and selecting solutions among options ) . Several groundss of the convergent and divergent cogency of the trial had been reported in surveies with assorted samples of American pupils. However, the dependability coefficients ( Cronbach ‘s I ± ) had reported between 0.81 and 0.82 for survey with different groups of pupils ( Ku, 2009 ; Ku & A ; Ho, 2010 ) . Datas Analysis The void hypothesis in this research will be tested with one-way ANOVA and independent t-test on gender differences and types of games with critical thought in adolescence. In order to prove if there is any difference between types of games and critical thought, one-way ANOVA with alpha-level 0.05 will be used. The ground is that there are more than two classs of games that are being surveyed, such as scheme, arcade, word and mystifier, role-playing, card and board, and hiting games. Besides that, t-test is chosen to analyse the differences between genders in critical thought. The independent t-test with alpha-level 0.05 will be used since there is no matching required in this research. In add-on, it will be a two-tailed t-test as the relationships between genders are non-directional. Last, a correlational trial will be used to analyse the relationship between continuance of games played per twenty-four hours and critical thought. 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